9 Sometimes food will determine an animal's appearance. Earthworms have shaped the woodcock, a snipe-like bird of the forest fioor. This creature has a long narrow bill that looks like a pencil and fits neatly into the burrows of the worms. But the bill has its disadvantages; with it buried deep in a worm hole the woodcock is wlnerable to attack from above. To counteract this danger the woodcock has eyes near the top of his head. This singular device permits him to scan the trees for danger even when his beak is buried. A successful arrangement for longevity - but it certainly creates an odd-looking creature.
10 he need to catch elusive prey had evolved some staggering biological tricks. The sea anemone, a fiower-like animal of the tidemark, is usually riveted to one spot, yet it feeds on darting fish. A diabolically clever trap was necessary to catch them, so the anemone developed tentacles with bombs in the end of each. When a fish forages into these tentacles the ends shoot a thin thread into the fish's body. The thread in turn explodes a paralyzing poison. The stunned fish is hauled in by the tentacles and shoved into the anemone's gullet.
11 Nature seems to have gone all out in creating14 preposterous gadgets for self-defense. The jacana, a bird of the American tropics, for instance, is endowed with spurs which unfold like a switchblade at the bend of the bird's wings and with which he can slash his enemies to shreds.
12 Lizards are professionals in the art of warding off attack. The two-headed skink, whose tail is shaped like his head, confuses his enemy. A hawk, upon attacking this fellow, anticipates that he will run in the direction of the lifted head and makes allowance for the ,movement15. However, the bird usually strikes nothing, for he is aiming at the tail. The real head took offthe other way.
13 In order to travel in a hostile world, the Portuguese man-of-war first mastered the art of fioating. To do this it evolved a purple bag and infiated it with gas from a special gland. As a crowning ideal'it also grew a sail! Launched, the man-of-war can blow away from enemies or approach food by putting its sail up and down. When severely threatened, it forces the gas out of the fioat18 and submerges.
14 There is hardly any environment, however hostile, that some creature has not mastered. Land is, of course, the nemesis19 of the fish. If they fiop out on it they die. If their ponds dry up, they are helpless. Given this situation, it was almost certain that some fish would evolve a way to beat it; and so there is a lungfish. It is an air breather and must come to the surface every 20 minutes or so; otherwise it drowns. When the ponds of Africa dry up in the arid season, the lungfish wrap themselves in mud and wait it out, sometimes for years. When the rains finally return, they resume their water life.
15 Just as nature adds things on creatures that need them, so she occasionally takes things away fiom those that don't. The adult Mayfiy, for example, has no mouth or stomach. Last year, by a northern New York lake, I found myself amid hundreds of thousands of these insects. I told the conservation officer whom I was with that I was glad they didn't bite. He replied that they have no mouths to bite with. "An adult Mayfly lives but one day, " he explained, "and that day is devoted entirely to pleasure.
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