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CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 HISTOLOGY & ITS METHODS OF STUDY 1 1 PREPARATION OF TISSUES FOR STUDY 2 2 LIGHT MICROSCOPY 4 3 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 7 4 CELL & TISSUE CULTURE 8 5 HISTOCHEMISTRY 8 6 VISUALIZING SPECIFIC MOLECULES 10 7 INTERPRETATION OF STRUCTURES IN TISSUE SECTIONS 12 CHAPTER 2 EPITHELIAL TISSUE 13 1 COVERING EPITHELIA 13 2 SECRETORY EPITHELIA & GLANDS 16 3 CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS 21 CHAPTER 3 CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER 28 1 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE 28 2 DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE 39 3 ADIPOSE TISSUE 41 4 RETICULAR TISSUE 42 CHAPTER 4 CARTILAGE AND BONE 44 1 CARTILAGE 44 2 BONE 49 CHAPTER 5 BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS 60 1 BLOOD CELLS 61 2 HEMOPOIESIS 69 CHAPTER 6 MUSCLE TISSUE 77 1 SKELETAL MUSCLE 77 2 CARDIAC MUSCLE 84 3 SMOOTH MUSCLE 85 CHAPTER 7 NERVE TISSUE 88 1 NEURON 88 2 SYNAPSE 91 3 GLIAL CELLS 93 4 NERVE FIBERS AND NERVES 97 5 NERVE ENDINGS 101 6 NEURAL PLASTICITY & REGENERATION 104 CHAPTER 8 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 106 1 CEREBRAL CORTEX 106 2 CEREBELLAR CORTEX 108 3 SPINAL CORD 110 4 GANGLIA 111 5 MENINGES 112 6 BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER 114 7 CHOROID PLEXUS AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID 114 CHAPTER 9 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 116 1 HEART 117 2 TISSUES OF THE VASCULAR WALL 118 3 ARTERIES 121 4 CAPILLARY 124 5 VEINS 126 6 LYMPHATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM 128 CHAPTER 10 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 131 1 INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 131 2 CELLS OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 132 3 LYMPHOID ORGANS 134 4 MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE 143 CHAPTER 11 SKIN 146 1 EPIDERMIS 147 2 DERMIS 152 3 SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE 152 4 SENSORY RECEPTORS 152 5 HAIR 154 6 SKIN GLANDS 155 7 NAILS 157 CHAPTER 12 EYE AND EAR 159 1 EYE 159 2 EAR 169 CHAPTER 13 ENDOCRINE GLANDS 179 1 PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) 179 2 ADRENAL GLANDS 185 3 THYROID GLAND 187 4 PARATHYROID GLANDS 189 5 PINEAL GLAND 190 6 DIFFUSE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM 191 CHAPTER 14 DIGESTIVE TRACT 193 1 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT 193 2 ORAL CAVITY 194 3 ESOPHAGUS 199 4 STOMACH 200 5 SMALL INTESTINE 205 6 LARGE INTESTINE 210 CHAPTER 15 ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT 214 1 SALIVARY GLANDS 214 2 PANCREAS 217 3 LIVER 220 4 BILIARY TRACT & GALLBLADDER 228 CHAPTER 16 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 229 1 NASAL CAVITIES 229 2 NASOPHARYNX 231 3 LARYNX 231 4 TRACHEA 232 5 BRONCHIAL TREE & LUNG 232 6 LUNG VASCULATURE & NERVES 240 7 PLEURAL MEMBRANES 241 CHAPTER 17 URINARY SYSTEM 242 1 KIDNEYS 242 2 URETERS, BLADDER, & URETHRA 252 CHAPTER 18 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 255 1 TESTES 255 2 GENITAL DUCTS 262 3 ACCESSORY GLANDS 265 4 PENIS 267 CHAPTER 19 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 269 1 OVARIES 269 2 UTERINE TUBES 277 3 UTERUS 279 4 CERVIX 283 5 VAGINA 283 6 MAMMARY GLANDS 285 CHAPTER 20 INTRODUCTION TO EMBRYOLOGY 288 1 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PRENATAL PERIOD 288 2 BRANCHES OF EMBRYOLOGY 288 3 A BRIEF HISTORY OF EMBRYOLOGY 289 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF EMBRYOLOGY 291 CHAPTER 21 GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 292 1 GAMETOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION 292 2 FORMATION OF THE BLASTULA AND IMPLANTATION 301 3 DEVELOPMENT OF GERM LAYERS 306 4 DIFFERENTIATION OF THREE GERM LAYERS AND FOLDING OF THE EMBRYO 308 5 FETAL MEMBRANES AND PLACENTA 321 6 TWINS, MULTIPLE BIRTHS, CONJOINED TWINS 331 7 ESTIMATION OF AGE AND METHODS OF MEASURING EMBRYOS 333 CHAPTER 22 DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEAD, NECK AND LIMBS 336 1 EARLY ORGANIZATON OF THE HEAD AND NECK REGION 336 2 EVOLUTION OF THE BRANCHIAL ARCHES, BRANCHIAL CLEFTS, AND PHARYNGEAL POUCHES 337 3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE TONGUE 339 4 DEVELOPMENT OF THE THYROID GLAND 341 5 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS 341 6 FORMATION OF THE FACE, JAWS, AND NASAL CHAMBERS 342 7 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE 345 8 DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH 346 9 LIMB DEVELOPMENT 347 10 COMMON MALFORMATIONS OF THE FACE, NECK, AND LIMBS 349 CHAPTER 23 DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS 351 1 DEVELOPMENT OF ESOPHAGUS 351 2 DEVELOPMENT OF STOMACH 351 3 DEVELOPMENT OF INTESTINES 354 4 DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER, GALLBLADDER AND PANCREAS 355 5 MALFORMATIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 356 6 DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 358 7 DEVELOPMENT OF LARYNX AND TRACHEA 358 8 DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRONCHI AND LUNGS 358 9 CONGENITAL DEFECTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 359 CHAPTER 24 DEVELOPMENT OF THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM 361 1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE URINARY SYSTEM 361 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENITAL SYSTEM 368 CHAPTER 25 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 378 1 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRIMORDIAL CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 378 2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEART 379 3 DERIVATIVES OF THE AORTIC ARCHES 384 4 FETAL BLOOD CIRCULATION AND CHANGES IN THE CIRCULATION AFTER BIRTH 384 5 CONGENITAL DEFECTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 387 CHAPTER 26 DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 391 1 DIFFERENTIATION OF NEUROEPITHELIUM 391 2 DEVELOPMENT OF GRAY AND WHITE MATTER IN THE SPINAL CORD 393 3 POSITIONAL CHANGES OF THE SPINAL CORD 394 4 EARLY MORPHOGENESIS OF THE BRAIN 395 5 HISTOGENESIS OF CEREBELLAR CORTEX 397 6 HISTOGENESIS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX 398 7 DEVELOPMENT OF GANGLION AND PERIPHERAL NERVE 400 8 COMMON MALFORMATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 400 CHAPTER 27 DEVELOPMENT OF EYE AND EAR 402 1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE EYE 402 2 DEVELOPMENT OF EAR 407 CHAPTER 28 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKIN 413 1 DEVELOPMENT OF EPIDERMIS 413 2 DEVELOPMENT OF DERMIS 414 3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKIN GLANDS 414 4 DEVELOPMENT OF HAIRS 415 5 DEVELOPMENT OF NAILS 415 6 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES 415 APPENDIX 417 ENGLISH-CHINESE INDEX 418