CHAPTER ONE
Culture and Communication
The Importance of Learning
about Cultures
Making Sense of Our World
The World Is Becoming Increasingly Diverse
People around the World ARE Different
Preventing Mistakes
Respondingto Different Cultures
Hostility to Difference
Curiosity about Difference
Denying Difference
Cooperating with Difference
Understanding Culture
Culture Is Coherent
Culture Is Learned
Culture Is the View of a Group of People
Culture Ranks What Is Important
Culture Furnishes Attitudes
Culture Dictates How to Behave
Onstage and Backstage Elements of Culture
Transactional Cultures
Adopting Another Cultures Behavior
Self Knowledge and Understanding One s Own Culture
Cultural Intelligence
The Question of Change in Cultures
Are Cultures Merging into One Global Culturel
Ever—Changing Popular Taste
The Study of Communication across Cultures
Three Characteristics of the Discipline of Cross—cultural Communication
Study of the Communication of Groups versus the Study of Individuals'Communication
Intercultural and Cross—cultural Communication Study
Two Broad Approaches to Communication Research in the Social Sciences
Study of Culture and Communication:Individuals or Cultures
Intercultural Business Communication
Perception and Communication
A Schemata Model for Intercultural Communication
CHAPTER TWO
The Role of Language in Intercultural Business Communication
The Language Barrier and Its Consequences:Real and Perceived
The Relationship between Language and Culture
Language as a Rejlection of the Environment
Language as a Reflection of Values
The Meaningof Words
Changes in Language
Acronyms
Implications of the Language Bamer
Selection ofthe Right Language
Linguistic Considerations
Business Considerations
Political Considerations
The Appropriate Level of Fluency
The Company Language
Choosinga Company Language
UsingAdditional Foreign Language Expertise
The Role ofthe Interpreter
The Importance of Choosinga Good Interpreter
The Effective Use of an Interpreter—SomeGuidelines
Communication with Nonnative Speakers
Effective Face—to—Face Communication
Effective Written Communication
The Impact of Technology on Oral and Written Communication
Some Guidelines for Communicating with Businesspeople(rom Different Cultures
Communication with a Multicultural Workforce
CHAPTERTHREE
Getting to Know Another Culture
Ways to Study Culture
Research Approaches to Studying Cultures
Studying Whole Cultures
Cultural Generalizations
Hofstedes Research and Other Studies
The GLOBE Study
Studying Individuals
Culture as a Theoretical Construct
Generalizations and Stereotypes
High—context Communication and Low—context Communication
The Cultural Dimensions Approach in This Book
Where Can Information about Cultures Be Found?
Category 1: Thinking and Knowing
Does Knowing Come from Concepts or Experiencel
Does Learning Come from Asking Questions or Mastering Received Wisdom?
Does Knowledge Have Limits?
How Do People Reason?
Category 2: Doing andA chieving
Is Doing Important or Is Being Important?
Are Tasks Done Sequentially or Simultaneously?
Do Results or Relationships Take Priority?
Is Uncertainty Avoidedor Tolerated?
Is Luck an Essential Factor or an Irrelevance?
Are Rules to Be Followed or Bent?
Category 3: The Big Picture
Do Humans Dominate Nature or Does Nature Dominate Humans?
Are Divine Powers or Humans at the Center of Events?
How Is Time Understood, Measured, and Kept?
Is Change Positive or Negative?
Is Death the End of Life or Part of Life?
CHAPTER FOUR
The Selfand Groups
Category 4: The Selfand Self—identity
Self identity—A Social PsychologyApproach
Self identity—A Communication Approach
Self identity—A CriticalApproach
Self identity and Cultural Value Dimensions
Self—construal: Independent andInterdependent
The Basic of Society: The Individual or the Collective?
Obligation and Indebtedness: Burdens or Beneftts?
Age: Is Seniority Valued or Drscounted?
Gender:Are Women Equals or Subordinates?
Category 5: Social Organization
Group Membership: Temporary or Permanent?
Form: Importantor Untrustworthy?
Personal Matters: Private or Public?
Social Organizational Patterns: Horizontal or Hierarchical?
Approach to Authority: Direct or Mediated?
Conclusion
CHAPTER FIVE
Organizing Messages to Other Cultures
Review ofthe Communication Model
Meaning and the Communication Model
Why: The Purpose and Factorsof Communication
Who in Business Communication
Where: Channels of Communication
When: Time and Timing of Communication
Organizing Routine Messages
The Direct Plan
The Indirect Plan
Organizing Persuasive Messages andArgumentation
Argumentation and Logrc
Persuasion Tactics
Organizing Unwelcome Messages
Communicating about Problems
Saying No
Organizing Problem—So Mng Messages
Storytelling
Analogy
Syllogistic and Inductive Reasoning
Bargaining Discourse
The Role and Force of Words
The Relative Importance of Encoding Messages in Words
The Role of Words in Arabic Cultures
The Role of Words in Japanese Culture
The Role of Words in English—Speaking Cultures
The Effect of Languages Structure
Channels of Business Messages
Internal Channels for Written Messages
External Channels for Written Messages
Structured Behavior Channels
Oral Channels
Communication Style
Formal or Informal: Hierarchical or Horizontal
Framed Messages
CHAPTER SIX Nonverbal Language in Intercultural
Communication
Paralanguage
Vocal Qualifiers
Vocalization
Nonverbal Business Conventions in Face—to—FaceEncounters
Eye Contact
Facial Expressions
Gestures
Timing in Spoken Exchanges
Touching
The Languageof Space
Appearance
Silence
CHAPTER SEVEN
Cultural Rules for Establishing Relationships
Respect for Authority and the Structuringof Messages
Signals of Respect
Positionsof Authority
Dress as a Symbol of Authority
Power Distance and Symbols of Power and Authority
Tone and Behavior of Power and Authority
Language as an Indicator of Powerand Authority
Family and Societal Structures as Indicatorsof Power
Assertiveness vs.Harmony
Standing Up for Ones Rights
Preservingllarmony
Recognition of Performance as a Signal of Authority
Monetary Recognition
Nonmonetary Rewards
The Role of Social Contacts in Intercultural Business
Conventions for Extending Invitations
Mixing Social Engagements and Business
Appropriate Behavior for Hosts and Guests
Gift Giving
Dealing with Controversy in Social Settings
Holiday Greeting
Ethical Considerations in Intercultural Engagements
CHAPTER EIGHT
Information,Decisions,and Solutions
The Nature of Business Information
The Impact of Culture on What Constitutes Information
The Assessment of Information
The Possession of Information
Formal and Informal Information
Soft vs.Hard Data
Criteria for Business Information
Sources of Business Information
Formal Sources
Informal Sources
Information and Knowledge Management
Decision Making
Making Decisions Based on Ends
Making Decisions Based on Means
Problem Solving and Conflict Resolution
Defining Problems and Dealing withThem
Managing Conflicts
Conllict Management Modes
Conflict Communication Modes
Communicating about Conflicts between Membersof Different Cultures
CHAPTER NINE
Intercultural Negotiation Teams
Interculturl INegotiation
What Really Happened with Canwall in Chinal
How Knowledge of Culture Can Help
Factors in the Negotiation Task
Expectations for Outcomes
Orientation of the Negotiating Team
The Physical Context of the Negotiation
Communication and Style of Negotiating
The Phases of Negotiation
The Development of a Relationship
Information Exchange about the Topic under Negotiation
Persuasion
Concession and Agreement
CHAPTERTEN
Legal and Governmental Considerations in Intercultural Business Communication
Communication and Legal Messages
Specific Legal Systems
Code Law
Anglo—American Common Law
Islamic Law
Socialist Law
Dispute Settlement
Direct Confrontation and Arbitration
Communication with Agents
Trademarks and Intellectual Property
International Enterprise and the National Interests
Legal Issues in Labor and Management Communication
Labor Regulations
Employment Communication
Laws for Safety on the Job
Equal Opportunity
Legal Considerations in Marketing Communication
Investment Attitudes and the Communication
of Financial Information 3
CHAPTER ELEVEN
The Influence of Business Structures and Corporate Culture on Intercultural Business Communication
Corporate Culture and Intercultural Communication
Stages in Internationalization
The Import—Export Stage
Reasons for Exporting
Communication in the Import—Export Environment
The Multinational Corporation
The National Subsidiary
The International Division
The Global Firm
The Structure of a Global Firm
Communication in a Global Organization
Implications of Cultural Aspects of Business Structures for Commurucation in an International Firm
Communication in an Organization Basedon Credentials
Communication in an Organization Basedon Context
Communication in an Organization Based on Family Orientation
……
CHAPTER TWELVE Intercultural Dynamics in the International Company
Appendix