在跨入21世纪之际,面临不断恶化的生存环境,人类清醒地认识到要走可持续发展之路。而发展环境教育是解决环境问题和实施可持续发展战略的根本。高等学校的环境教育,是提高新世纪建设者的环境意识,并向社会输送环境保护专门人才的重要途径。为了反映国外环境类教材的*新内容和编写风格,同时也为了提高学生阅读专业文献和获取信息的能力,我们精选了一些国外**的环境类教材,组成大学环境教育丛书(影印版),本书即为其中的一册。所选教材均在国外被广泛采用,多数已再版,书中不仅介绍了有关概念、原理及技术方法,给出了丰富的数据,还反映了作者不同的学术观点。
我们希望这套丛书能对高等院校师生和广大科技人员有所帮助,同时对我国环境教育的发展作出贡献。

PART 1
Motivation and Framework
Chapter 1
Engineering and the Environment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What Is "The Environment"?
1.3 Framing Environmental Issues
1.3.1 Good Change or Bad?
1.3.2 Enter Public Policy
1.4 The Role of Engineering
1.5 Approaches to "Green"Engineering
1.5.1 Sources of Environmental Impacts
1.5.2 A Life Cycle Perspective
1.5.3 Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Development
1.6 Basic Engineering Principles
1.6.1 Conservation of Mass
1.6.2 Conservation of Energy
1.6.3 The Use of Mathematical Models
1.7 What Lies Ahead
1.8 References
1.9 Problems
Chapter 2
Overview of Environmental Issues
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Environmental Concerns
2.3 Atmospheric Emissions
2.3.1 Criteria Air Pollutants
2.3.2 Air Toxics
2.3.3 Acid Deposition
2.3.4 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
2.3.5 Greenhouse Gases
2.4 Water Pollution
2.4.1 Sources and Uses of Water
2.4.2 Major Water Contaminants
2.4.3 Drinking Water Quality
2.4.4 Surface Water Quality
2.4.5 Groundwater Quality
2.5 Solid and Hazardous Wastes
2.5.1 Hazardous Wastes
2.5.2 Nonhazardous Wastes
2.6 Radioactive Wastes
2.6.1 High-Level Waste
2.6.2 Transuranic Wastes
2.6.3 Low-Level Waste
2.6.4 Uranium Mill Tailings
2.7 Depletion of Natural Resources
2.8 Land Use and Ecological Impacts
2.8.1 Biodiversity
2.8.2 Loss of Habitat
2.8.3 Marine Ecosystems
2.8.4 Land Use Practices
2.9 References
2.10 Problems
PART 2
Technology Design for the Environment
Chapter 3
Automobiles and the Environment
3.1 The Automobile and Society
3.2 Environmental Impacts of the Automobile
3.2.1 Urban Air Pollution
3.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
3.2.3 Materials Use and Solid Waste
3.2.4 Other Environmental Impacts
3.3 Fuel and Energy Requirements
3.3.1 Power for Cruising
3.3.2 Power for Hill Climbing 10
3.3.3 Power for Acceleration
3.3.4 Energy Efficiency
3.3.5 Fuel Consumption
3.4 Engineering Cleaner Cars
3.4.1 Designing for Energy Efficiency
3.4.2 Understanding Pollutant Formation
3.4.3 Designing for Low Emissions
3.4.4 Alternative Fuels
3.4.5 Alternative Vehicles
3.5 Conclusion
3.6 References
3.7 Problems
Chapter 4
Batteries and the Environment
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Environmental Concerns
4.1.2 Recent "Green" Efforts
4.2 Battery Basics
4.2.1 A Brief History
4.2.2 How a Battery Works
4.2.3 Theoretical Voltage
4.2.4 Theoretical Capacity
4.2.5 Actual Capacity
4.3 Battery Features
4.3.1 Voltage versus Time
4.3.2 Effect of Operating Temperature
4.3.3 Shelf Life
4.3.4 Lifetime of Rechargeable Batteries
4.3.5 Battery Rechargers
4.4 Applications That Use Batteries
4.4.1 Discharge Characteristics Based on Current Draw
4.4.2 Using Multiple Batteries
4.5 Conclusion
4.6 References
4.7 Problems
Chapter 5
Electric Power Plants and the Environment
5.1 The Role of Electric Power
5.2 Overview of Environmental Impacts
5.2.1 Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuels
5.2.2 Environmental Impacts of Nuclear Power
5.2.3 Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy
5.3 Electric Power Fundamentals
5.3.1 Current, Voltage, and Power
5.3.2 Energy, Heat, and Work
5.3.3 Electromechanical Generators
5.3.4 Turbines and Energy Sources
5.4 Performance of Fossil Fuel Power Plants
5.4.1 Steam Electric Plants
5.4.2 Gas Turbine Plants
5.4.3 Combined-Cycle Plants
5.5 Reducing Environmental Impacts
5.5.1 Environmental Control Technology
5.5.2 Improving Energy Efficiency
5.6 Alternative Energy Sources and Technology
5.6.1 Nuclear Energy
5.6.2 Biomass and Refuse Energy
5.6.3 Geothermal Energy
5.6.4 Hydroelectric Energy
5.6.5 Wind Energy
5.6.6 Electrochemical Generators
5.6.7 Photovoltaic Generators
5.7 Comparing Environmental Impacts
5.8 Looking Ahead
5.8.1 Environmental Outlook
5.8.2 Technology Outlook
5.9 Conclusion
5.10 References
5.11 Problems
Chapter 6
Refrigeration and the Environment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Environmental Overview
6.3 Alternative Refrigerants
6.4 Fundamentals of Refrigeration
6.4.1 Primary Energy Flows
6.4.2 The Refrigeration Cycle
6.4.3 Some Basic Questions
6.4.4 Thermodynamic Relationships
6.4.5 Refrigerant Properties
6.5 Designing a CFC-Free Refrigerator
6.5.1 Refrigerant Mass Flow
6.5.2 Refrigerant Charge
6.5.3 Refrigeration Cycle Efficiency
6.5.4 Comparison of Alternative Refrigerants
6.6 Reducing Energy Consumption
6.6.1 Compressor Energy Requirements
6.6.2 Auxiliary Energy Requirements
6.6.3 Total Energy Consumption
6.6.4 Effect of Thermal Insulation Design
6.6.5 Energy Impact of CFC Substitutes
6.7 Trends and Future Technology
6.7.1 Energy Efficiency Standards
6.7.2 The Fridge of the Future
6.8 Conclusion
6.9 References
6.10 Problems
Chapter 7
Environmental Life Cycle Assessments
PART 3
Modeling Environmental Processes
Chapter
PCBs in the Aquatic Environment
9.1 Introduction: What are PCBs?
9.2 ToxicityofPCBs
9.3 PCBs in the Environment
9.3.1 Fate and Concentration of PCBs
9.3.2 Environmental Standards for PCBs
9.4 Chemistry of PCBs
9.5 Release of PCBs from Sources
9.5.1 Pathways of Release
9.5.2 Example: PCBs in Boston Harbor
9.6 Movement of PCBs in Receiving Waters
9.6.1 Mixing and Dilution
9.6.2 Settling of Particles
9.7 Partitioning of PCBs in Receiving Water Systems
9.7.1 Partitioning between River Water and Sediments
9.7.2 Partitioning between River Water and Fish
9.7.3 PCBs in the Hudson River
9.8 Conclusion
9.9 References
9.10 Problems
Chapter 8
Human Exposure to Toxic Metals
10.1 Introduction
10.2 A Brief History of Metallurgy
10.3 Release of Metals to the Environment: Evidence of Adverse Effects
10.4 Pathways of Human Exposure to Trace Metals
10.4.1 Distribution of Trace Metals in the Environment
10.4.2 Trace Metals in the Air
10.4.3 Trace Metals in Water
10.4.4 Trace Metals in Food
10.4.5 Dust and Soil
10.4.6 Quantifying Total Human Exposure
10.5 Total Dose of Absorbed Metals
10.6 Doses in a Population
10.7 Response to a Dose
10.8 Conclusion
10.9 References
10.10 Problems
Chapter 9
CFCs and the Ozone Hole
11.1 Introduction: The Problem of Ozone Depletion
11.2 The Natural Ozone Layer
11.2.1 The Structure of the Atmosphere
11.2.2 Ultraviolet Radiation from the Sun
11.2.3 Formation and Destruction of Ozone
11.2.4 Measurement of Ozone Concentrations
11.3 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Halocarbons
11.3.1 What Are CFCs?
11.3.2 The Naming Convention for CFCs
11.4 CFC Destruction of Stratospheric Ozone
11.4.1 Mechanisms of Ozone Destruction by CFCs in the Midlatitudes
11.4.2 Mechanisms of Ozone Destruction by CFCs in the Antarctic
11.5 Quantifying Ozone Destruction by CFCs: The Mass Balance Model
11.5.1 Calculating Amounts of CFC in the Atmosphere
11.5.2 Calculating Amounts of Ozone Depletion from CFCs
11.6 Solutions to the CFC Problem: The Montreal Protocol
11.6.1 Ozone Depletion Potential
11.6.2 Potential Environmental Trade-offs
11.7 Conclusion
11.8 References
11.9 Problems
Topics in Environmental Policy Analysis
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