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1 Types of Words(词的种类) In the English language,there are over half a million words.No one can possibly use SO many words.In reality,only a small part of common words are used in most cases,which is what we should learn first.1.1 Formal and Informal Words(正 式与非正式词) Words can be formal or informal in style.Words of different styles serve different purposes on different occasions. Formal words are those that are used on formaI occasions.For example: (1a)Would you please inform me of the possibility that the terms we mentioned will enable you to expedite the shipment two weeks ahead of schedule? (贵方能否告知是否可能按照我方的条款要求提前两周发货?) This is a typical,formal business English sentence,and the words jnform,terms,and expedite are formaI.words. Informal words are those that are used in info,7na,situations,such as in conversations between close friends or family members.In such cases,Example(1a)can be expressed like this: (1b)Could you tell me if you can send the goods two weeks ahead of time according to our terms? In Example(1b),words like tell,if,send and goods sound informal.Informal words are often colloquial words. It is important to note that some words are neutral because they are neither very formal nor very informal.As a matter of fact,there are different degrees of formality.Certain words can be used in both formal and informal situations.Words like know,whether,able,and ship,for example,are neutral.Therefore Example(1b)can be expressed as:

Unit 1 Use of Words 1
1 Types of Words 3
2 Use of Proper Words in Proper Places 7
3 Further-13ps for the Selection of Words 9
4 Formation of English Words 1 6
Exercises 1 8
Unit 2 The Making of Sentences 23
1 Basic Elements 0f a Sentence 25
2 Types of Sentences 25
3 Effective Sentences 31
Exercises 40
Unit 3 Writing Effective Sentences 45
1 Coordination 47
2 Subordination 52
3 Variety 0f Sentence Patterns 57
Exercises 60
Unit 4 The Paragraph(1):The Major Elements of a Good Paragraph 65
1 Unity 67
2 Coherence 70
3 Focus 78
4 Completeness 81
5 Brevity 84
Exercises 86
Unit 5 The Paragraph(2):The Paragraph Structure and Types 91
1 Three Parts of the Paragraph 93
2 Types of Pragraphs105
Exercises 113
Unit 6 The Paragraph(3):The Development of the Paragraph 119
1 Planning a Paragraph 121
2 Developing a Paragraph by-Iqme 123
3 Developing a Paragraph by Space 125
4 Developing a Paragraph by Process 128
5 Developing a Paragraph by Citing Statistics 131
6 Developing a Paragraph by Comparison and Contrast 133
7 Developing a Paragraph by Exemplification 135
8 Developing a Paragraph by Cause and Effect 137
9 Development by Definition 139
10 Development by Classification 141
Exercises 143
Unit 7 The Basic Steps of Writing an Essay 149
1 Getting Started and Selecting a Topic 151
2 Narrowing Down the Topic and Writing a Thesis Statement 152
3 Outlining 154
4 Writing the First Draft 157
5 Revising and Editing 162
Exercises 1 64
Unit 8 Narration 167
1 Definition 1 69
2 Basic Elements of Narration 1 70
3 Types of Narration 170
4 Tips for Narrative Writing 175
Exercises 182
Unit 9 Description 185
1 Definition 187
2 Basic Elements of Description 187
3 Basic Types of Description 188
4 Tips for Writing Descriptions 194
Exercises 195
Unit 10 Exposition (1):Definition 201
1 Definition of Exposition 203
2 Basic Elements of Exposition 203
3 Types of Techniques Used in Expository Writing 204
4 Types of Definition204
Exercises 210
Unit 1 1 Exposition(2):
Classification and Division 217
1 Definitions of Classification and Division 21 9
2 Basic Elements of Classification and Division 222
3 Principles of Classification and Division 223
Exercises 228
Unit 12 Exposition (3):Illustration 231
1 Definition 233
2 Types of I llustration 233
3 Basic Elements of Illustration 238
4 Tips for Using Illustration 238
Exercises 239
Unit 13 Ixposition(4):Comparison and Contrast 245
1 Definition 247
2 Purpose of Writing Comparison and Contrast 247
3 Pattem of Comparison and Contrast 248
4 Tips of Writing Comparison and Contrast 252
Exercises 256
Unit 14 Exposition(5):Cause and Effect 259
1 Definition 261
2 Basic Types of Cause-and-effect Pattern 262
3 Tips of Writing Cause-and-effect Essay 264
Exercises 267
一Unit 15 Argumentation 271
1 Definition 273
2 Basic Elements of Argumentation 273
3 Principles of
Argumentative Writing 274
4 How to Organise an Argument 274
Exercises 279
Unit16 Practical Writing(1):
Greetings,Formal Invitations and Personal Letters 289
1 Greetings and FOrmaI Invitations 291
2 Personal Letters 295
Exercises 310
Unit17 Practical Writing(2):
Notes and Letters of Application and Resume 313
1 Notes 315
2 Letters of Application 322
3 RSsum5 327
Exercises 331
Unit 18 Summary Writing 333
1 Definition 335
2 The Purpose of a Summary 335
3 Elements of a Good Summary 336
4 The Basic Steps of Writing a Summary 338
Exercises 346
Unit19 Figures of Speech 351
1 Simile 353
2 Metaphor 354
3 PersOn…cation 354
4 Metonymy 355
5 Hyperbole 356
6 Understatement 356
7 Euphemism 357
8 Irony 358
9 AIliteration 358
1 0 Synecdoche 359
1 1 Onomatopoeia 359
1 2 Antithesis 360
1 3 Parallelism 361
14 Oxymoron 361
15 Pun 362
Exercises 363
Unit 20 Punctuation 365
1 The Comma 367
2 The Period 369
3 The Semicolon 369
4 111e Colon 371
5 Quotation Marks 371
6 The Question Mark 373
7 111e Exclamation Mark 373
8 Parentheses and Brackets 373
9 The Dash 374
10 Italics and Underlining 375
Exercises 375
Keys 377