《语言学》是美国亚利桑那大学语言学教授阿克马吉安及其同事撰写的经典语言学著作,自1979年**出版以来,畅销不衰。本版本是经过全新修订的第5版。作为一本入门教程,《语言学》对语言学研究的基本概念、主要理论和前沿课题、*新方法作了系统、简明、**的阐释和介绍,内容涵盖形态学、音系学、语音学、语义学等传统领域以及语用学、语言心理学等涉及交际与认知科学的新兴分支。全书语言简洁易懂,例证、插图丰富多样,是广大语言学初学者的理想读本。

So far we have used the termsnguage and human language without referring to any specific language,such as English or Chinese.Students are sometimes puzzled by this general use of the term language;it would seem that this use is rarely found outside of linguistics.related courses. Foreign language cou.rses,after all,deal with specific languages such as French or Russian.Further,specific human languages appear on the sur. face to be so ditierent from each other that it is often di伍cult to under. stand how linguists can speak of language as though it were a single thing.
Although it is obvious that specific languages difier from each other on the surface,if we look closer we find that human languages are surpris. ingly similar.For instance。a11 known languages are at a similar level of complexity and detail——there is no such thing as a primitive human lan. guage.All languages provide a means for asking questions,making requests,making assertions,and so on.And there is nothing that can be expressed in one language that cannot be expressed in any other.Obvi. ously,one language may have terms not found in another language,but it is always possible to invent new terms to express what we mean:any. thlng we can imagine or think,we can express in any human language.
Turning to more abstract properties,even the formal structures of language are similar:a11 languages have sentences made up of smaller phrasal units,these units in turn being made up of words,which are them. selves made up of sequences of sounds.All of these features of human language are so obvious to us that we may fail to see how surprising it is that languages share them.When linguists use the term language,or nat. uraf human language,they are revealing their belief that at the abstract level,beneath the surface variation。languages are remarkably similar in form and function and conform to certain universal principles.
In relation to what we have just sai
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Acknowledgments xxxiii
Note to the Teacher XXXV
PART I
THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN LANGUAGE
INTRODUCTl0N 3
Chapter l
What Is Linguistics? 5

Chapter 2
Morphology:The Study of the Structure of Words 11
2.1 Words:Some Background Concepts 11
2.2 Complex Words and Morphemes 16
2.3 Neologisms:How Are New Words Created? 23
2.4 Inflectional versus Derivational Morphology 42
2.5 Problematic Aspects of Morphological Analysis 46
2.6 Special Topics 49
The Meaning of Complex Words 49
More on Compounds 50
Morphological Anaphora 53
Classes of Derivational Affixes 54

Chapter 3
Phonetics and Phonemic Transcription 65
3.1 Some Background Concepts 65
3.2 The Representation of Speech Sounds 71
3.3 Special Topics 97
Vowels before/a/ 97
Contractions in Casual Spoken English 100
Consonant Clusters 101

Chapter 4
Phonology:The Study of Sound Structure 109
4.1 What Is Phonology? 109
4.2 The Internal Structure of Speech Sounds:Distinctive Feature Theory 110
4.3 The External Organization of Speech Sounds 126
4.4 Special Topic 140
The Word•Level Tone Contour of English 140

Chapter 5
Syntax:The Study of Sentence Structure 149
5.1 Some Background Concepts 149
5.2 An Informal Theory of Syntax 1 56
5.3 A More Formal Account of Syntactic Theory 197
5.4 Special Topics 21 1
Wh-Questions 21 1
Sentence Structure and Anaphora 21 3
X-Bar Theory 215

Chapter 6
Semantics:The Study of Linguistic Meaning 227
6.1 Semantics as Part of a Grammar 227
6.2 Theories of Meaning 228
6.3 The Scope of a Semantic Theory 237
6.4 Special Topics 248
Mood and Meaning 249
Singular and General 253
Deictics and Proper Names 255
Definite Descriptions:Referential and Attributive 258
Natural Kind Terms,Concepts,and the Division of Linguistic Labor 261
Anaphora and Coreference 261

Chapter 7
Language Variation 275
7.1 Language Styles and Language Dialects 275
7.2 Some Rules of the Grammar of Informal Style in English 288
7.3 Other Language Varieties 295

Chapter 8
Language Change 315
8.1 Some Background Concepts 315
8.2 The Reconstruction of Indo-European,the Nature of Language Change,and Language Families of the World 319
8.3 The Linguistic History of English 339
PARTⅡ
COMMUNICATION AND COGNTIVE SClieNCE 355
INTRODUCrION 357

Chapter 9
Pragmatics:The Study of Language Use and Communication 361
9.1 Some Background Concepts 361
9.2 The Message Model of Linguistic Communication 363
9.3 The Inferential Model of Linguistic Communication 370
9.4 Discourse and Conversation 387
9.5 Special Topics 391
Performatives 391
Speech Acts 394
Meaning,Saying,and Implicating 397
Pragmatic Presupposition 400
Speaker Reference 403

Chapter 10
Psychology of Language:Speech Production and Comprehension 417
10.1 Psycholinguistics:Competence,Performance,and Acquisition 417
10.2 Speech Production 418
10.3 Language Comprehension 425
10.4 Special Topics 454
The MCGurk Enect 454
Open-and Closed-Class Items 455
The Psychological Reality of Empty Categories 458
Connectionist Models of Lexical Access and Letter Recognition 460

Chapter 11
Language Acquisition in Children 477
11.1 Some Background Concepts 477
11.2 Is There a“Language Acquisition Device”?490
11.3 Is the Human Linguistic Capacity Unique?Children and Primates
Compared 506
11.4 Special Topic 516
Principles and Parameters 516

Chapter 12
Language and the Brain 527
12.1 Where Is Language Localized in the Brain? 528
12.2 How Does the Brain Encode and Decode Speech and Language? 535
12.3 Are the Components of Language Neuroanatomically Distinct? 542
12.4 Special Topics 546
PET and MRI Imaging 546
Event.Related Potentials 550
Japanese Orthography and Graphic Aphasia 554
Appendix
The Written Representation of Language 561
Glossary 571
Index 591

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