This book primarily focuses on the authors’ research and practical achievements in the field of photonic integrated phased arrays in recent years. Firstly, a comprehensive introduction on the concept, operation principles, and research progress of photonic integrated phased arrays is introduced. Then, detailed explanations of the optical antenna and array design in photonic integrated phased arrays are given. Combined with design cases of siliconbased optical phased arrays with different scales,

Contents 1 Introduction ................................................... 1 1.1 Concept and Defnition of Optical Phased Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Composition of Photonic Integrated Phased Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.1 OpticalCoupler ...................................... 3 1.2.2 OpticalPower Distribution Networks ................... 5 1.2.3 OpticalPhaseShifters ................................ 6 1.2.4 OpticalAntennaArrays ............................... 12 1.2.5 ControlCircuit ...................................... 14 1.3 BeamSteering Principles of Optical Phased Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.4 Relationship Between Optical Phased Arrays and Microwave PhasedArrays ............................................. 17 1.5 MainParameters ofOpticalPhasedArrays ..................... 18 1.5.1 Port Characteristics of Optical Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.5.2 Radiation Characteristics of Optical Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.6 ApplicationFields ofOpticalPhasedArrays .................... 23 1.7 Research Progress of Photonic Integrated Phased Arrays . . . . . . . . . 25 1.7.1 OneDimensional Optical Phased Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.7.2 TwoDimensional Optical Phased Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.7.3 Development Trends of Photonic Integrated Phased Arrays .............................................. 32 References ..................................................... 34 2 Design of Optical Antennas and Arrays .......................... 37 2.1 SiliconBasedGratingNanoantennas .......................... 37 2.1.1 Design of SiliconBased Curved Grating NanoantennasandArrays ............................. 37 2.1.2 Design of Miniaturized SiliconBased Straight GratingNanoantennasandArrays ...................... 46 2.1.3 Design of Antennas for Suppressing Bidirectional Radiation ........................................... 54 2.2 PlasmonicNanoantennas .................................... 59 2.2.1 DesignofPlasmonicNanoantennas ..................... 61 2.2.2 Design of Plasmonic Nanoantenna Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2.3 SiliconBasedHornNanoantennas ............................ 69 2.3.1 Design of SiliconBased HPlane Sectoral Horn Nanoantennas ....................................... 69 2.3.2 Design of SiliconBased Pyramidal Horn Nanoantennas ....................................... 71 2.3.3 Design of Miniaturized SiliconBased Horn Nanoantennas ....................................... 73 References ..................................................... 77 3 LowSidelobe Design of Photonic Integrated Phased Arrays ........ 79 3.1 Design Methods of LowSidelobe Optical Phased Arrays . . . . . . . . . 79 3.1.1 DesignMethodsofUniformArrays ..................... 80 3.1.2 DesignMethodsofNonuniformArrays ................. 83 3.2 Design Cases of LowSidelobe Optical Phased Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.2.1 LowSidelobeDesignofUniformArrays ................ 86 3.2.2 LowSidelobe Design of Nonuniform Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 References ..................................................... 112 4 Test of Photonic Integrated Phased Arrays ....................... 115 4.1 Test for Key Components in Photonic Integrated Phased Arrays .................................................... 115 4.1.1 Radiation Characteristics Test of Optical Antennas . . . . . . . . 115 4.1.2 Phase Shifting Characteristic Test of Optical Phased Shifters ............................................. 119 4.2 Test for Photonic Integrated Phased Array Chips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 4.2.1 TestPerformance .................................... 126 4.2.2 TestMethod ......................................... 127 4.2.3 TestSystem ......................................... 129 5 Design of Photonic Integrated Phased Arrays ..................... 135 5.1 1 × 32 SiliconBased Optical Phased Arrays Based on EndFace Coupling ...................................... 135 5.1.1 DesignScheme ...................................... 135 5.1.2 Radiation Characteristic Test .......................... 139 5.1.3 Comparison Between Simulation and Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 5.2 1 × 64 SiliconBased Optical Phased Arrays Based on VerticalCoupling ........................................ 142 5.2.1 DesignScheme ...................................... 142 5.2.2 Radiation Characteristic Test .......................... 144 5.2.3 Comparison Between Simulation and Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 5.3 Packaged 1 × 128 SiliconBased Optical Phased Arrays Based on VerticalCoupling .................................. 148 5.3.1 DesignScheme ...................................... 148 5.3.2 Radiation Characteristic Test .......................... 150 5.3.3 Comparison Between Simulation and Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 5.4 Demonstration and Verifcation of Communication Based onSiliconBasedOpticalPhasedArrays ....................... 153 5.4.1 Demonstration Test of Beam Steering and Switching . . . . . . 155 5.4.2 Demonstration Test of Free Space Optical Communication ...................................... 157