**部分
词汇与语法结构
语法专题
命题规律探索
在专升本英语考试中,单选、完形填空、语法填空、改错等题型会直接考查语法;而语���知识的掌握程度也会间接影响阅读信息理解的准确度,并与句子翻译是否准确,与写作表达是否顺畅、**息息相关。可以说,在英语考试中无论哪种题型的考查本质上都离不开对词汇及语法基础的考查。所以在备考过程中,考生要梳理好语法理论知识,夯实语法基础。专升本英语考试对语法的考查范围较广、知识点较细,具体来说主要涉及:
(1)基础词法,如名词、冠词、数词、代词、介词、形容词和副词、情态动词、动词的时态语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词;
(2)**句法,如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、虚拟语气及其他特殊句式(倒装句、强调句、反意疑问句、感叹句)。
其中,动词的时态语态、非谓语动词、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、虚拟语气是考试的重难点,考生需**掌握。
专题一名词、冠词与数词
考点1名词
导学课堂
1. 名词的单复数
(续表)
单数变复数 规则
单数变复数 规则
规则名词的复数形式 (1)一般名词直接在词尾加-s,如book-books;
(2)以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词后加-es,如box-boxes;
(3)以-f或-fe结尾的名词,变-f或-fe为v,再加-es,如leaf-leaves;直接加-s,如proof-proofs;
(4)以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词,变-y为i,加-es,如family-families;
(5)以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词:有生命的加-es,如potato-potatoes;无生命的加-s,如photo-photos
不规则名词的复数形式 (1)单复数相同,如sheep, deer, means;
(2)名词单数和复数含义不同,如work (工作)-works (工厂,作品);experience(经验)-experiences(经历);
(3)合成名词:①将主体名词变为复数,如son-in-law变成sons-in-law;②无主体名词时将*后一部分变为复数,如grown-up变成grown-ups;③将两部分变为复数,如a woman singer变成women singers
不可数名词的量化 不可数名词通常没有复数形式,但可以借助some, much, little等限定词或单位量词表示一定的数量,同时也可以通过改变量词的单复数来体现数量多少,如some / much water;a piece of news一条消息;two pieces of paper两张纸
2. 名词所有格,表示“……的”
(续表)
方式 例子
方式 例子
大多数名词的所有格是由名词加-’s构成的 Jack’s book杰克的书
the children’s toys孩子们的玩具
以-s或-es结尾的复数名词、以-s结尾的人名等,在-s后加-’构成所有格 a girls’ school女子学校
表示各自的所有关系时,名词末尾均加-’s,否则仅在*后一词末尾加-’s Jane’s and Mary’s rooms简和玛丽各自的房间
Jane and Mary’s room简和玛丽共有的房间
名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词,但也可用于表示时间、度量衡、价值的名词 ten minutes’ walk(=a ten-minute walk)十分钟的路程
twenty dollar’s value二十美元的价值
3.名词的构词法
常见后缀 常见例词
-ence differ →difference(区别;不同;差异)
-ancy / -ency efficient →efficiency(效率;效能;功效)
-ment(性质;状态) arrange →arrangement(同意)develop →development(发展)
-ness(性质;状态) kind →kindness(善良)
-tion(动作;过程) collect →collection(收集;收藏品)
-(i)ty / -y major →majority(多数;成年)
-ship friend →friendship(友谊;友爱;友善)
1. 如何判断名词的单复数?
①根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式:不定冠词a, an后用名词单数;由these, those many, both, two等词修饰时,名词用复数;名词前有one of, among等词时,名词用复数。
②根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式:若谓语动词是动词原形或are, were,名词作主语时需考虑名词用复数。
③根据语境和常识确定名词的单复数形式。
2.选词填空或语法填空中如何根据提示词和设空处的句法功能判断答案?
①提示词不是名词,设空处在句中作主语、宾语、表语、补语时,一般可认为设空处为名词。
②提示词是名词,设空处后也为名词,所给提示词与后面的名词为所属关系,需要用名词所有格形式作定语。
2021-贵州1. We need to buy some and in the super market.
A. potato; egg B. potatoes; egg C. potatoes; eggs D. potatos; eggs
2022-贵州2. Here is for you.
A. a piece of news B. a good news C. a pair of news D. some newses
2016-福建3. Two were seriously injured in the car accident yesterday, and now they are still in hospital.
A. woman drivers B. woman driver C. women drivers D. women driver
2016-天津4. He gained his by printing of famous writers.
A. wealths; work B. wealths; works C. wealth; work D. wealth; works
2022-四川5. It’s only from my school to the bookstore.
A. ten minutes walk B. ten minutes’ walk
C. ten-minutes walk D. ten-minutes’ walk
2018-云南6. She is mother.
A. Peter’s and Mary B. Peter and Mary’s C. Peter and Mary D. Peter’s and Mary’s
2022-辽宁7. A gentle form of exercise will increase your (able) to relax.(词形转换)
2021-黑龙江8. Being on one’s own means making one’s own (decide).(词形转换)
【真题乐园答案】1.C2.A3.C4.D5.B6.B7.ability8.decisions
答案册P324
1. The are on the table.
A. knife B. knifes C. knives D. knifeves
2. We need three more to cook chips.
A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoss
3. That must be car. He bought it last year.
A. Jack’s B. Jacks’ C. Jackes D. Jackes’
4. What big the tiger has!
A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths
5. — Excuse me, are you
— No, we are .
A. American; Englishman B. Americans; Germans
C. American; Germen D. Englishman; American
6. All the in the hospital got a rise last month.
A. women doctors B. woman doctors C. women doctor D. woman doctor
7. I’m so hungry. Please give me to eat.
A. three bread B. three pieces of bread
C. three pieces of breads D. three piece of bread
8. We’d better go to the before two o’clock. He will have a meeting at three.
A. engineer B. engineers C. engineer’s D. engineers’
9. We need to go shopping; there is juice left in the fridge.
A. few B. much C. many D. little
10. Mr. Smith gave us on how to keep fit.
A. an advice B. many advices C. some advices D. some advice
11. The bedroom with a picture of flowers on the door is .
A. Lily and Lucy B. Lily’s and Lucy’s
C. Lily’s and Lucy D. Lily and Lucy’s
12. How wonderful! The is made of .
A. house; glass B. house; glasses C. houses; glass D. houses; glasses
13. Help yourself to .
A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple
C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples
14. The weather here is so pleasant that visitors come here for their holidays in winters.
A. a great number of B. the number of C. numbers of D. the great number of
15. — Excuse me, is the museum far from here
— No, it’s about .
A. 5 minutes walk B. 5 minute walk C. 5 minutes’ walk D. 5 minute’s walk
考点2冠词
导学课堂
1.冠词的常见用法
(续表)
分类 用法&举例
分类 用法&举例
不定冠词
a / an 单数名词 泛指“一个”,如:A boy is waiting for you.
用于序数词前,表示“又一,再一”,如:Can you give me a second chance
用于抽象名词前,使之具体化,表示与之相关的具体的人或事,如:
He was a success in business.
注意:a和an的用法区别:
①辅音音素(非辅音字母)前用a,如a book, a student, a house, a magazine等。
②元音音素(非元音字母)前用an,如an egg, an apple, an idea, an hour等。
定冠词
the 单数名词 表示特指:特指某(些)人或某(些)物(包括上文提到过的人或物,以及说话双方都知道的人或物),如:We have a cat and two dogs. The cat is black and the dogs are white.
用于西洋乐器前面,如:play the violin, play the guitar
用于序数词前(表示次序)、形容词和副词的比较级、***前,如:
It is the second time that he has visited Beijing.
He is the tallest of the three children.
用于江河湖海、山脉及表示**、建筑物、组织机构、报纸杂志等专有名词前,如:
the West Lake, the Great Wall, the U.K.
零冠词
复数名词或不可数名词 专有名词、不可数名词和复数名词前,如:Peking University, read novels
名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制,如:I want this book.
季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前,如:March, Sunday, National Day, spring
学科、语言、球类、棋类名词前,如:He likes playing football / chess.
称呼、头衔、职务前(注:此类名词作表语、同位语和补语时,其前不加冠词,作主语和宾语时,需要用冠词),如:He was elected monitor.
a和an的使用区别注意点
①hour, honest, honor等单词的拼写虽然以辅音字母h开头,但其读音却以元音音素开头,因此,前面要用an