CHAPTER 1 Error Theory and Data Processing ·········································································1 1.1 Measurement ······················································································································1 1.1.1 Measurement Concept ·····························································································1 1.1.2 Classification of Measurement·················································································1 1.2 Theory of Error···················································································································2 1.2.1 Error Definition and Expression ··············································································2 1.2.2 Classification of Errors ····························································································4 1.2.3 The Processing of Random Error ·············································································5 1.2.4 Evaluation of Measurement Result ··········································································8 1.3 Significant Digits ················································································································9 1.3.1 Definition of Significant Digits·············································································.10 1.3.2 Rules for the Operation of Significant Digits ························································.11 1.4 The Evaluation of Measurement Results—Uncertainty····················································.14 1.4.1 Definition of Uncertainty ······················································································.14 1.4.2 The Uncertainty Calculation of Direct Measurement ············································.15 1.4.3 Comprehensive Synthesis of Indirect Measurement Result ···································.17 1.4.4 Expression of Measurement Result ·······················································��···············.17 1.5 Data Processing ···············································································································.19 1.5.1 Tabulation Method································································································.19 1.5.2 Graphic Method····································································································.20 1.5.3 Successive Differential Method ············································································.23 1.5.4 Least Squares Method···························································································.24 EXERCISE·······························································································································.26 CHAPTER 2 Instruments and Accessories ················································································.28 2.1 Measurement of Basic Physical Quantities ······································································.28 2.1.1 Basic Mechanical Instruments ··············································································.28 2.1.2 Electromagnetic Instruments·················································································.33 2.2 Basic Adjustment and Operation Techniques ···································································.38 2.2.1 Initial State of the Instruments ··············································································.38 2.2.2 Zero Adjustment ···································································································.39 2.2.3 Horizontal and Vertical Adjustment ······································································.39 2.2.4 Coaxial Adjustment ······························································································.39 2.2.5 Eliminating Parallax ·····························································································.40 2.2.6 Eliminating Space Error························································································.40 2.3 Rules for Operation··········································································································.40 2.3.1 Rules for Operating Electrical Experiment····························································.40 2.3.2 Rules for Operating Optical Experiment ·······························································.41 CHAPTER 3 Basic Experiments·································································································.43 3.1 Determination of the Solid Density ································