Case Study – Transitional Governments
The key goals for the 12th Five-Year Plan represent continuity in policymaking from the ideas outlined by former President Hu Jintao for the 11th Five-Year Plan. In the 2005 National People’s Congress, Hu pushed forward the ideas of the “harmonious society” (和谐社会, héxié shèhuì ) in conjunction with his “scientific outlook on development”
(科学发展观, kēxué fāzh?n guān).
While the harmonious society concept can be traced back to Confucius, in this sense it is a socio-economic theory that is the end goal of the scientific development concept. In essence, it is putting the people first through sustainable development, social welfare and a humanistic society.
These two concepts, when initially announced, represented a new direction for China’s economy, shifting away from its previous development pattern. It was a refinement and acceleration of what former President Jiang Zemin proposed of “keeping pace with the time” (与时俱进, yǔ shí jù jìn), which was the first step taken in moving China away from the previous model of “growth at all cost”.
Still, much more is needed to shift away from this old model and create the well-off society envisioned by former leaders. In 2011, then Vice Premier Li Keqiang said that China will continue scientific development during the 12th Five-Year Plan period, accelerating the transformation of economic development. This is not surprising, as Li would have been very much engaged in the formation of the 12th Five-Year Plan as executive vice premier, and it therefore reflects some of his own views. Policy continuity is important for stability, but he may choose to emphasize different aspects of the plan as Premier. For example, after the Party Congress in November 2012, Li continually stressed his new vision for urbanization as a driver of China’s growth, taking an old idea and giving it new direction.
In the future, President Xi Jinping is expected to introduce new key terms and development guidelines and Li Keqiang will introduce new economic reforms. Scientific development will continue for a period, but this will be altered as Xi will put his own mark on policy. It will be important to monitor this and see how this will affect former President Hu’s plan for a harmonious society and how this will change the implementation of the 12th Five-Year Plan. Things will certainly change under Xi, who said “空谈误国,实干兴邦 or kōngtán wùguó, shígàn xīngbāng” (empty words harm the country while hard work revitalizes it) to explain that changes and work are needed to realize the Chinese Dream.
On November 29, 2012, newly elected Party leader Xi Jinping defined the Chinese Dream as “to realize the great renewal/revival of the Chinese nation”, and expressed his confidence that the dream will definitely be achieved. Three months later, Xi further explained the Chinese Dream in his speech at the closing session of the NPC, at which he was elected President.
At that time, the Chinese Dream became a hot topic all over China. Not only did all sectors of the economy incorporate the Chinese Dream into their daily jobs and corporate strategies, but school children also gave speeches on the topic. Indeed, it can be seen as a successful publicity campaign, as it involved the entire nation and led to large-scale grassroots discussions in a short period of time.
Although Xi has his views on the Chinese Dream, highlighting the Path, Spirit and Power of China, it is more designed as an umbrella concept which allows each person to express the Chinese Dream from his own perspective. Seeking to build a relationship between the nation and its citizens, it is a smart approach and is not seen simply as just another political slogan.
Following decades of rapid development and opening-up, China and the Chinese people are gaining confidence to use these words that make reference to the American Dream, a national ethos which stresses egalitarianism and promises the opportunity for prosperity regardless of one’s social situation. It is a signal that the new leadership is willing to go ahead with concrete reforms.
In fact, the Chinese Dream does not mean a change of direction. It includes all the reforms and developments discussed in this book. It simply means that now is the time to get it done.
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