preface iii
about the authors v
chapter 1 introduction: methods and model building
what is multivariate analysis?
multivariate analysis in statistical terms
some basic concepts of multivariate analysis
the variate
measurement scales
measurement error and multivariate measurement
statistical significance versus statistical power
types of statistical error and statistical power
impacts on statistical power
using power with multivariate techniques
a classification of multi

preface iii
about the authors v
chapter 1 introduction: methods and model building
what is multivariate analysis?
multivariate analysis in statistical terms
some basic concepts of multivariate analysis
the variate
measurement scales
measurement error and multivariate measurement
statistical significance versus statistical power
types of statistical error and statistical power
impacts on statistical power
using power with multivariate techniques
a classification of multivariate techniques
dependence techniques
interdependence techniques
types of multivariate techniques
principal components and common factor analysis
multiple regression
multiple discriminant analysis and logistic regression
canonical correlation
multivariate analysis of variance and covariance
conjoint analysis
cluster analysis
perceptual mapping
correspondence analysis
structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis
guidelines for multivariate analyses and interpretation
establish practical significance as well as statistical
significance
recognize that sample size affects all results
know your data
strive for model parsimony
look at your errors
validate your results
a structured approach to multivariate model building
stage 1: define the research problem, objectives,
and multivariate technique to be used
stage 2: develop the analysis plan
stage 3: evaluate the assumptions underlying the multivariate technique
stage 4: estimate the multivariate model and assess overall model fit
stage 5: interpret the variate(s)
stage 6: validate the multivariate model
a decision flowchart
databases
primary database
other databases
organization of the remaining chapters
section i: understanding and preparing for multivariate analysis
section ii: analysis using dependence techniques
section iii: interdependence techniques
section iv: structural equations modeling
summary 28 . questions 30 . suggested readings
references
section i understanding and preparing for multivariate analysis
chapter 2 cleaning and transforming data
introduction
graphical examination of the data
univariate profiling: examining the shape of the distribution
bivariate profiling: examining the relationship between variables
bivariate profiling: examining group differences
multivariate profiles
missing data
the impact of missing data
a simple example of a missing data analysis
a four-step process for identifying missing data and applying remedies
an illustration of missing data diagnosis with the four-step process
outliers
detecting and handling outliers
an illustrative example of analyzing outliers
testing the assumptions of multivariate analysis
assessing individual variables versus the variate
four important statistical assumptions
data transformations
an illustration of testing the assumptions underlying multivariate analysis
incorporating nonmetric data with dummy variables
summary 88 . questions 89 . suggested readings
references
chapter 3 factor analysis
what is factor analysis?
a hypothetical example of factor analysis
factor analysis decision process
stage 1: objectives of factor analysis
specifying the unit of analysis
achieving data summarization versus data reduction
variable selection
using factor analysis with other multivariate techniques
stage 2: designing a factor analysis
correlations among variables or respondents
variable selection and measurement issues
sample size
summary
stage 3: assumptions in factor analysis
conceptual issues
statistical issues
summary
stage 4: deriving factors and assessing overall fit
selecting the factor extraction method
criteria for the number of factors to extract
stage 5: interpreting the factors
the three processes of factor interpretation
rotation of factors
judging the significance of factor loadings
interpreting a factor matrix
stage 6: validation of factor analysis
use of a confirmatory perspective
assessing factor structure stability
detecting influential observations
stage 7: additional uses of factor analysis results
selecting surrogate variables for subsequent analysis
creating summated scales
computing factor scores
selecting among the three methods
an illustrative example
stage 1: objectives of factor analysis
stage 2: designing a factor analysis
stage 3: assumptions in factor analysis
component factor analysis: stages 4 through 7
common factor analysis: stages 4 and 5
a managerial overview of the results
summary 148 . questions 150 . suggested readings
references
section ii analysis using dependence techniques
chapter 4 simple and multiple regression
what is multiple regression analysis?
an example of simple and multiple regression
prediction using a single independent variable:
simple regression
prediction using several independent variables:
multiple regression
summary
a decision process for multiple regression analysis
stage 1: objectives of multiple regression
research problems appropriate for multiple regression
specifying a statistical relationship
selection of dependent and independent variables
stage 2: research design of a multiple regression analysis
sample size
creating additional variables
stage 3: assumptions in multiple regression analysis
assessing individual variables versus the variate
methods of diagnosis
linearity of the phenomenon
constant variance of the error term
independence of the error terms
normality of the error term distribution
summary
stage 4: estimating the regression model and assessing overall model fit
selecting an estimation technique
testing the regression variate for meeting the regression assumptions
examining the statistical significance of our model
identifying influential observations
stage 5: interpreting the regression variate
using the regression coefficients
assessing multicollinearity
stage 6: validation of the results
additional or split samples
calculating the press statistic
comparing regression models
forecasting with the model
illustration of a regression analysis
stage 1: objectives of multiple regression
stage 2: research design of a multiple regression analysis
stage 3: assumptions in multiple regression analysis
stage 4: estimating the regression model and assessing overall model fit
stage 5: interpreting the regression variate
stage 6: validating the results
evaluating alternative regression models
a managerial overview of the results
summary 231 . questions 234 . suggested readings
references
chapter 5 canonical correlation
what is canonical correlation?
hypothetical example of canonical correlation
developing a variate of dependent variables
estimating the first canonical function
estimating a second canonical function
relationships of canonical correlation analysis to other multivariate techniques
stage 1: objectives of canonical correlation analysis
selection of variable sets
evaluating research objectives
stage 2: designing a canonical correlation analysis
sample size
variables and their conceptual linkage
missing data and outliers
stage 3: assumptions in canonical correlation
linearity
normality
homoscedasticity and multicollinearity
stage 4: deriving the canonical functions and assessing overall fit
deriving canonical functions
which canonical functions should be interpreted?
stage 5: interpreting the canonical variate
canonical weights
canonical loadings
canonical cross-loadings
which interpretation approach to use
stage 6: validation and diagnosis
an illustrative example
stage 1: objectives of canonical correlation analysis
stages 2 and 3: designing a canonical correlation analysis and testing the assumptions
? stage 4: deriving the canonical functions and assessing overall fit
stage 5: interpreting the canonical variates
stage 6: validation and diagnosis
a managerial overview of the results
summary 258 . questions 259 . references
chapter 6 conjoint analysis
what is conjoint analysis?
hypothetical example of conjoint analysis
specifying utility, factors, levels, and profiles
gathering preferences from respondents
estimating part-worths
determining attribute importance
assessing predictive accuracy
the managerial uses of conjoint analysis
comparing conjoint analysis with other multivariate methods
compositional versus decompositional techniques
specifying the conjoint variate
separate models for each individual
flexibility in types of relationships
designing a conjoint analysis experiment
stage 1: the objectives of conjoint analysis
defining the total utility of the object
specifying the determinant factors
stage 2: the design of a conjoint analysis
selecting a conjoint analysis methodology
designing profiles: selecting and defining factors and levels
specifying the basic model form
data collection
stage 3: assumptions of conjoint analysis
stage 4: estimating the conjoint model and assessing overall fit
selecting an estimation technique
estimated part-worths
evaluating model goodness-of-fit
stage 5: interpreting the results
examining the estimated part-worths
assessing the relative importance of attributes
stage 6: validation of the conjoint results
managerial applications of conjoint analysis
segmentation
profitability analysis
conjoint simulators
alternative conjoint methodologies
adaptive/self-explicated conjoint: conjoint with
a large number of factors
choice-based conjoint: adding another touch of realism
overview of the three conjoint methodologies
an illustration of conjoint analysis
stage 1: objectives of the conjoint analysis
stage 2: design of the conjoint analysis
stage 3: assumptions in conjoint analysis
stage 4: estimating the conjoint model and assessing overall model fit
stage 5: interpreting the results
stage 6: validation of the results
a managerial application: use of a choice simulator
summary 327 . questions 330 . suggested readings
references
chapter 7 multiple discriminant analysis and logistic regression
what are discriminant analysis and logistic regression?
discriminant analysis
logistic regression
analogy with regression and manova
hypothetical example of discriminant analysis
a two-group discriminant analysis: purchasers versus nonpurchasers
a geometric representation of the two-group discriminant function
a three-group example of discriminant analysis: switching intentions
the decision process for discriminant analysis
stage 1: objectives of discriminant analysis
stage 2: research design for discriminant analysis
selecting dependent and independent variables
sample size
division of the sample
stage 3: assumptions of discriminant analysis
impacts on estimation and classification
impacts on interpretation
stage 4: estimation of the discriminant model and assessing overall fit
selecting an estimation method
statistical significance
assessing overall model fit
casewise diagnostics
stage 5: interpretation of the results
discriminant weights
discriminant loadings
partial f values
interpretation of two or more functions
which interpretive method to use?
stage 6: validation of the results
validation procedures
profiling group differences
a two-group illustrative example
stage 1: objectives of discriminant analysis
stage 2: research design for discriminant analysis
stage 3: assumptions of discriminant analysis
stage 4: estimation of the discriminant model and assessing overall fit
stage 5: interpretation of the results
stage 6: validation of the results
a managerial overview
a three-group illustrative example
stage 1: objectives of discriminant analysis
stage 2: research design for discriminant analysis
stage 3: assumptions of discriminant analysis
stage 4: estimation of the discriminant model and assessing overall fit
stage 5: interpretation of three-group discriminant analysis results
stage 6: validation of the discriminant results
a managerial overview
logistic regression: regression with a binary dependent variable
representation of the binary dependent variable
sample size
estimating the logistic regression model
assessing the goodness-of-fit of the estimation model
testing for significance of the coefficients
interpreting the coefficients
calculating probabilities for a specific value of the independent variable
overview of interpreting coefficients
summary
an illustrative example of logistic regression
stages 1, 2, and 3: research objectives, research design, and statistical assumptions
stage 4: estimation of the logistic regression model and assessing overall fit
stage 5: interpretation of the results
stage 6: validation of the results
a managerial overview
summary 434 . questions 437 . suggested readings
references
chapter 8 anova and manova
manova: extending univariate methods for assessing group differences
multivariate procedures for assessing group differences
a hypothetical illustration of manova
analysis design
differences from discriminant analysis
forming the variate and assessing differences
a decision process for manova
stage 1: objectives of manova
when should we use manova?
types of multivariate questions suitable for manova
selecting the dependent measures
stage 2: issues in the research design of manova
sample size requirements—overall and by group
factorial designs—two or more treatments
using covariates—ancova and mancova
manova counterparts of other anova designs
a special case of manova: repeated measures
stage 3: assumptions of anova and manova
independence
equality of variance–covariance matrices
normality
linearity and multicollinearity among the dependent variables
sensitivity to outliers
stage 4: estimation of the manova model and assessing overall fit
estimation with the general linear model
criteria for significance testing
statistical power of the multivariate tests
stage 5: interpretation of the manova results
evaluating covariates
assessing effects on the dependent variate
identifying differences between individual groups
assessing significance for individual dependent variables
stage 6: validation of the results
summary
illustration of a manova analysis
example 1: difference between two independent groups
stage 1: objectives of the analysis
stage 2: research design of the manova
stage 3: assumptions in manova
stage 4: estimation of the manova model and assessing the overall fit
stage 5: interpretation of the results
example 2: difference between k independent groups
stage 1: objectives of the manova
stage 2: research design of manova
stage 3: assumptions in manova
stage 4: estimation of the manova model and assessing overall fit
stage 5: interpretation of the results
example 3: a factorial design for manova with two independent variables
stage 1: objectives of the manova
stage 2: research design of the manova
stage 3: assumptions in manova
stage 4: estimation of the manova model and assessing overall fit
stage 5: interpretation of the results
summary
a managerial overview of the results
summary 498 . questions 500 . suggested readings
references
section iii analysis using interdependence techniques
chapter 9 grouping data with cluster analysis
what is cluster analysis?
cluster analysis as a multivariate technique
conceptual development with cluster analysis
necessity of conceptual support in cluster analysis
how does cluster analysis work?
a simple example
objective versus subjective considerations
cluster analysis decision process
stage 1: objectives of cluster analysis
stage 2: research design in cluster analysis
stage 3: assumptions in cluster analysis
stage 4: deriving clusters and assessing overall fit
stage 5: interpretation of the clusters
stage 6: validation and profiling of the clusters
an illustrative example
stage 1: objectives of the cluster analysis
stage 2: research design of the cluster analysis
stage 3: assumptions in cluster analysis
employing hierarchical and nonhierarchical methods
step 1: hierarchical cluster analysis (stage 4)
step 2: nonhierarchical cluster analysis (stages 4, 5, and 6)
summary 561 . questions 563 . suggested readings
references
chapter 10 mds and correspondence analysis
what is multidimensional scaling?
comparing objects
dimensions: the basis for comparison
a simplified look at how mds works
gathering similarity judgments
creating a perceptual map
interpreting the axes
comparing mds to other interdependence techniques
individual as the unit of analysis
lack of a variate
a decision framework for perceptual mapping
stage 1: objectives of mds
key decisions in setting objectives
stage 2: research design of mds
selection of either a decompositional (attribute-free)
or compositional (attribute-based) approach
objects: their number and selection
nonmetric versus metric methods
collection of similarity or preference data
stage 3: assumptions of mds analysis
stage 4: deriving the mds solution and assessing overall fit
determining an object’s position in the perceptual map
selecting the dimensionality of the perceptual map
incorporating preferences into mds
stage 5: interpreting the mds results
identifying the dimensions
stage 6: validating the mds results
issues in validation
approaches to validation
overview of multidimensional scaling
correspondence analysis
distinguishing characteristics
differences from other multivariate techniques
a simple example of ca
a decision framework for correspondence analysis
stage 1: objectives of ca
stage 2: research design of ca
stage 3: assumptions in ca
stage 4: deriving ca results and assessing overall fit
stage 5: interpretation of the results
stage 6: validation of the results
overview of correspondence analysis
illustrations of mds and correspondence analysis
stage 1: objectives of perceptual mapping
identifying objects for inclusion
basing the analysis on similarity or preference data
using a disaggregate or aggregate analysis
stage 2: research design of the perceptual mapping study
selecting decompositional or compositional methods
selecting firms for analysis
nonmetric versus metric methods
collecting data for mds
collecting data for correspondence analysis
stage 3: assumptions in perceptual mapping
multidimensional scaling: stages 4 and 5
stage 4: deriving mds results and assessing overall fit
stage 5: interpretation of the results
overview of the decompositional results
correspondence analysis: stages 4 and 5
stage 4: estimating a correspondence analysis
stage 5: interpreting ca results
overview of ca
stage 6: validation of the results
a managerial overview of mds results
summary 623 . questions 625 . suggested readings
references
section iv structural equations modeling
chapter 11 sem: an introduction
what is structural equation modeling?
? estimation of multiple interrelated dependence relationships
incorporating latent variables not measured directly
defining a model
sem and other multivariate techniques
similarity to dependence techniques
similarity to interdependence techniques
the emergence of sem
the role of theory in structural equation modeling
specifying relationships
establishing causation
developing a modeling strategy
a simple example of sem
the research question
setting up the structural equation model for path analysis
the basics of sem estimation and assessment
six stages in structural equation modeling
stage 1: defining individual constructs
operationalizing the construct
pretesting
stage 2: developing and specifying the measurement model
sem notation
creating the measurement model
stage 3: designing a study to produce empirical results
issues in research design
issues in model estimation
stage 4: assessing measurement model validity
the basics of goodness-of-fit
absolute fit indices
incremental fit indices
parsimony fit indices
problems associated with using fit indices
unacceptable model specification to achieve fit
guidelines for establishing acceptable and unacceptable fit
stage 5: specifying the structural model
stage 6: assessing the structural model validity
structural model gof
competitive fit
comparison to the measurement model
testing structural relationships
summary 678 . questions 680 . suggested readings
appendix 11a: estimating relationships using path analysis
appendix 11b: sem abbreviations
appendix 11c: detail on selected gof indices
references
chapter 12 applications of sem
part 1: confirmatory factor analysis
cfa and exploratory factor analysis
a simple example of cfa and sem
a visual diagram
sem stages for testing measurement theory validation with cfa
stage 1: defining individual constructs
stage 2: developing the overall measurement model
unidimensionality
congeneric measurement model
items per construct
reflective versus formative constructs
stage 3: designing a study to produce empirical results
measurement scales in cfa
sem and sampling
specifying the model
issues in identification
avoiding identification problems
problems in estimation
stage 4: assessing measurement model validity
assessing fit
path estimates
construct validity
model diagnostics
summary example
cfa illustration
?stage 1: defining individual constructs
stage 2: developing the overall measurement model
stage 3: designing a study to produce empirical results
stage 4: assessing measurement model validity
hbat cfa summary
part 2: what is a structural model?
a simple example of a structural model
an overview of theory testing with sem
stages in testing structural theory
one-step versus two-step approaches
stage 5: specifying the structural model
unit of analysis
model specification using a path diagram
designing the study
stage 6: assessing the structural model validity
understanding structural model fit from cfa fit
examine the model diagnostics
sem illustration
stage 5: specifying the structural model
stage 6: assessing the structural model validity
part 3: extensions and applications of sem
reflective versus formative measures
reflective versus formative measurement theory
operationalizing a formative construct
distinguishing reflective from formative constructs
which to use—reflective or formative?
higher-order factor analysis
empirical concerns
theoretical concerns
using second-order measurement theories
when to use higher-order factor analysis
multiple groups analysis
measurement model comparisons
structural model comparisons
measurement bias
model specification
model interpretation
relationship types: mediation and moderation
mediation
moderation
longitudinal data
additional covariance sources: timing
using error covariances to represent added covariance
partial least squares
characteristics of pls
advantages and disadvantages of pls
choosing pls versus sem
summary 778 . questions 781 . suggested readings
references
index