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Preface
Chapter 1
DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND INFORMATION
1-1 Information Representation
The Digital Computer
Beyond the Computer
More on the Generic Computer
1-2 Number Systems
Binary Numbers
Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
Number Ranges
1-3 Arithmetic Operations
Conversion from Decimal to Other Bases
1-4 Decimal Codes
BCD Addition
1-5 Alphanumeric Codes
ASCII Character Code
Parity Bit
1-6 Gray Codes
1-7 Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 2
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
2-1 Binary Logic and Gates
Binary Logic
Logic Gates
2-2 Boolean Algebra
Basic Identities of Boolean Algebra
Algebraic Manipulation
Complement of a Function
2-3 Standard Forms
Minterms and Maxterms
Sum of Products
Product of Sums
2-4 Two-Level Circuit Optimization
Cost Criteria
Map Structures
Two-Variable Maps
Three-Variable Maps
2-5 Map Manipulation
Essential Prime Implicants
Nonessential Prime Implicants
Product-of-Sums Optimization
Don't-Care Conditions
2-6 Pragmatic Two-Level Optimization
2-7 Multiple-Level Circuit Optimization
2-8 Other Gate Types
2-9 Exclusive-OR Operator and Gates
Odd Function
2-10 High-Impedance Outputs
2-11 Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 3
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC DESIGN
3-1 Design Procedure
3-2 Beginning Hierarchical Design
3-3 Technology Mapping
3-4 Verification
Manual Logic Analysis
Simulation
3-5 Combinational Functional Blocks
3-6 Rudimentary Logic Functions
Value-Fixing, Transferring, and Inverting
Multiple-Bit Functions
Enabling
3-7 Decoding
Decoder and Enabling Combinations
Decoder-Based Combinational Circuits
3-8 Encoding
Priority Encoder
Encoder Expansion
3-9 Selecting
Multiplexers
Multiplexer-Based Combinational Circuits
3-10 Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 4
ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS AND I'-IDEs
4-1 Iterative Combinational Circuits
4-2 Binary Adders
Half Adder
Full Adder
Binary Ripple Carry Adder
4-3 Binary Subtraction
Complements
Subtraction Using 2s Complement
44 Binary Adder-Subtractors
Signed Binary Numbers
Signed Binary Addition and Subtraction
Overflow
4-5 Other Arithmetic Functions
Contraction
Incrementing
Decrementing
Multiplication by Constants
Division by Constants
Zero Fill and Extension
4-6 Hardware Description Languages
Hardware Description Languages
Logic Synthesis
4-7 HDL Representations-VHDL
Behavioral Description
4-8 HDL Representations-Verilog
Behavioral Description
4-9 Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 5
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
5-1 Sequential Circuit Definitions
5-2 Latches
SR and S R Latches
D Latch
5-3 Flip-Flops
Master-Slave Flip-Flops
Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop
Standard Graphics Symbols
Direct Inputs
5-4 Sequential Circuit Analysis
Input Equations
State Table
State Diagram
Sequential Circuit Simulation
54 Sequential Circuit Design
Design Procedure
Finding State Diagrams and State Tables
State Assitmment
Designing with D Flip-Flops
Designing with Unused States
Verification
5-6 Other Flip-Flop Types
JK and T Flip-Flops
5-7 State-Machine Diagrams and Applications
State-Machine Diagram Model
Constraints on Input Conditions
Design Applications Using State-Machine Diagrams
5-8 HDL Representafon for Sequential Circuits-VHDL
5-9 HDL Representation for Sequential Circuits-Verilog
5-10 Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 6
SELECTED DESIGN TOPICS
6-1 The Design Space
Integrated Circuits
CMOS Circuit Technology
Technology Parameters
6-2 Gate Propagation Delay
6-3 Flip-Flop Timing
6-4 Sequential Circuit Timing
6-5 Asynchronous Interactions
6-6 Synchronization and Metastability
6-7 Synchronous Circuit Pitfalls
6-8 Programmable Implementation Technologies
Read-Only Memory
Programmable Logic Array
Programmable Array Logic Devices
6-9 Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 7
REGISTERS AND REGISTER TRANSFERS
7-1 Registers and Load Enable
Register with Parallel Load
7-2 Register Transfers
7-3 Register Transfer Operations
7-4 A Note for VHDL and Verilog Users Only
7-5 Microoperations
Arithmetic Microoperations
Logic Microoperations
Shift Microoperations
7-6 Microoperations on a Single Register
Multiplexer-Based Transfers
Shift Registers
Ripple Counter
Synchronous Binary Counters
Other Counters
7-7 Register-Cell Design
7-8 Multiplexer and Bus-Based Transfers
for Multiple Registers
Three-State Bus
7-9 Serial Transfer and Microoperations
Serial Addition
7-10 Control of Register Transfers
Design Procedure
7-11 HDL Representation for Shift Registers
and Counters-VHDL
7-12 HDL Representation for Shift Registers
and Counters-Verilog
7-13 Microprogrammed Control
7-14 Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 8
MEMORY BASICS
8-1 Memory Definitions
8-2 Random-Access Memory
Write and Read Operations
Timing Waveforms
Properties of Memory
8-3 SRAM Integrated Circuits
Coincident Selection
8-4 Array of SRAM ICs
8-5 DRAM ICs
DRAM Cell
DRAM Bit Slice
8-6 DRAM Types
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
Double-Data-Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)
RAMBUS DRAM (RDRAM)
8-7 Arrays of Dynamic RAM ICs
8-8 Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 9
COMPUTER DESIGN BASICS
9-1 Introduction
9-2 Datapaths
9-3 The Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Arithmetic Circuit
Logic Circuit
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
9-4 The Shifter
Barrel Shifter
9-5 Datapath Representation
9-6 The Control Word
9-7 A Simple Computer Architecture
Instruction Set Architecture
Storage Resources
Instruction Formats
Instruction Specifications
9-8 Single-Cycle Hardwired Control
Instruction Decoder
Sample Instructions and Program
Single-Cycle Computer Issues
9-9 Multiple-Cycle Hardwired Control
Sequential Control Design
9-10 Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 10
INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE
10-1 Computer Architecture Concepts
Basic Computer Operation Cycle
Register Set
10-2 Operand Addressing
Three-Address Instructions
Two-Address Instructions
One-Address Instructions
Zero-Address Instructions
Addressing Architectures
10-3 Addressing Modes
Implied Mode
Immediate Mode
Register and Register-Indirect Modes
Direct Addressing Mode
Indirect Addressing Mode
Relative Addressing Mode
Indexed Addressing Mode
Summary of Addressing Modes
10-4 Instruction Set Architectures
10-5 Data-Transfer Instructions
Stack Instructions
Independent versus Memory-Mapped I/O
10-6 Data-Manipulation Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Logical and Bit-Manipulation Instructions
Shift Instructions
10-7 Floating-Point Computations
Arithmetic Operations
Biased Exponent
Standard Operand Format
10-8 Program Control Instructions
Conditional Branch Instructions
Procedure Call and Return Instructions
10-9 Program Interrupt
Types of Interrupts
Processing External Interrupts
10-10 Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 11
RISC AND CISC CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITS
11-1 Pipelined Datapath
Execution of Pipeline Microoperations
11-2 Pipelined Control
Pipeline Programming and Performance
11-3 The Reduced Instruction Set Computer
Instruction Set Architecture
Addressing Modes
Datapath Organization
Control Organization
Data Hazards
Control Hazards
11-4 The Complex Instruction Set Computer
ISA Modifications
Datapath Modifications
Control Unit Modifications
Microprogrammed Control
Microprograms for Complex Instructions
11-5 More on Design
Advanced CPU Concepts
Recent Architectural Innovations
11-6 Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 12
INPUT-OUTPUT AND COMMUNICATION
12-1 Computer UO
12-2 Sample Peripherals
Keyboard
Hard Drive
Liquid Crystal Display Screen
I/O Transfer Rates
12-3 I/O Interfaces
I/O Bus and Interface Unit
Example of I/O Interface
Strobing
Handshaking
12-4 Serial Communication
Synchronous Transmission
The Keyboard Revisited
A Packet-Based Serial I/O Bus
12-5 Modes of Transfer
Example of Program-Controlled Transfer
Interrupt-Initiated Transfer
12-6 Priority Interrupt
Daisy Chain Priority
Parallel Priority Hardware
12-7 Direct Memory Access
DMA Controller
DMA Transfer
12-8 Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 13
MEMORY SYSTEMS
13-1 Memory Hierarchy
13-2 Locality of Reference
13-3 Cache Memory
Cache Mappings
Line Size
Cache Loading
Write Methods
Integration of Concepts
Instruction and Data Caches
Multiple-Level Caches
13-4 Virtual Memory
Page Tables
Translation Lookaside Buffer
Virtual Memory and Cache
13-5 Chapter Summary
References
Problems
INDEX