英语词汇极多:《牛津英语词典》收了四十多万个词。当然并没有人认识或需要使用这么多词。常人为了一般的目的只用其中很小的一部分。学习用英语写作的学生应先学会使用*有用也*常用的词来表达自己的思想。有时初学者会误用一些词,但他用的词往往并不全错,只是不恰当、不准确、不地道、或不生支有趣��因而对选词的方法有基本的了解是会有帮助的。
Ⅰ.文体的涵义
各种各样的文章和作品,诸如故事、法律文件以及私人信件,有许多共同点。它们都使用普通词汇,遵守同样的词法和句法规则,并按照常规使用标点符号。换句话说,如果不使用英语的共核,任何人都写不出英语文章,甚至也说不出能让人理解的英语。
但不同类型的文章还是有差别的。例如,私人信件总是用短而简单的甚至不完整的句子,所用的词汇大多数是日常谈话中用的浅易词汇,其中可能还有俚语。而法律文件就不同了:大多数句子长而复杂,多数词属多音节的大词,其中还夹杂些一般人难以理解的专门术语。
语言的这种特殊现象就是文体特征。“文体”(style)这个词有几层意思:它可以指一个作家习惯的或特有的使用语言的方式,也可指某一时期语言的*普遍的特点,还可指某一种文章的语言特色。style这个词还表示文雅的风格,例如人们有时说“He has no style”,就是说文章写得不好。
2. Colorful, Colored, and Colorless Words
The writer builds with words, and no builder uses a raw material more slippery and elusive and treacherous. A writer's work is a constant struggle to get the right word in the right place, to find that particular word that will convey his meaning exactly, that will persuade the reader or soothe himor startle or amuse him. He never succeeds altogether--sometimes he feels that he scarcely succeeds at
all--but such successes as he has are what make the thing worth doing.
There is no book of rules for this game. One progresses through everlasting experiment on the basis of ever-widening experience. There are few useful generalizations that one can make about words as words, but there are perhaps a few.
Some words are what we call "colorful." By this we mean that they are calculated to produce a picture or induce an emotion. They are dressy instead of plain ……