TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT ONE PERSPECTIVE ON PACKAGING Lesson 1 A History of Packaging What is Packaging? Primitive Packaging From Rome to the Renaissance The Industrial Revolution The Evolution of New Packaging Roles Packaging in the Late 20th Century Modern Packaging Waste Management and Environmental Issues The Modern Packaging Industry Lesson 2 Packaging Functions Introduction The Contain Function The Protect/Preserve Function Food Preservation The Transport Function The Inform/Sell Function UNIT TWO PACKAGING MATERIALS AND CONTAINERS Lesson 3 Paper and Paperboard Introduction Representative Papermaking Machines Machine Direction and Cross Direction Surface or Dry-End, Treatments and Coatings Paper Characterization Paper Types Paperboard Grades Paperboard Cartons Lesson 4 Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes Historical Perspective Corrugated Board Properties and Tests Corrugated Boxes Carrier Rules Stacking and Compression Lesson 5 Metal Containers Background Common Metal Container Shapes Three-Piece Steel Cans Two-Piece Cans Impact Extrusion Aerosols Lesson 6 Glass Containers Glass Types and General Properties Bottle Manufacture Bottle Design Features Lesson 7 Plastics in Packaging Introduction to Plastics Extrusion Injection Molding Extrusion Blow Molding Injection Blow Molding Thermoforming Other Forming Methods Recognizing Molding Methods Lesson 8 Flexible Packaging Laminates Laminates Aluminum Foil Vacuum Metallizing Other Inorganic Coating Laminate Structural and Physical Properties Flexible Bags, Pouches and Sachets Sealability Barrier Properties Laminating Processes Specifying Laminates Examples of Laminates UNIT THREE PACKAGE PRINTING AND DECORATING Lesson 9 Color Introduction Color Perception Color Terminology Viewing Color Lesson 10 Graphic Design in Packaging Introduction Demographics and Psychographics The Retail Environment Fundamental Messages Equity and Brand Names Graphic Design Basics Typography Lesson 11 Package Printing Introduction Printing Methods Relief Printing Lithography Gravure Printing Comparing Flexography, Lithography and Gravure Other Package Decoration Techniques Printing Inks UNIT FOUR PACKAGING DYNAMICS AND DISTRIBUTION PACKAGING Lesson 12 Shock, Vibration and Compression Shock Quantifying Shock Fragility Cushioning Against Shock Vibration Compression Estimating Required Compression Strength Lesson 13 Mechanical Shock Theory Introduction The Free Falling Package Mechanical Shock Theory Shock Duration Shock Amplification and the Critical Element Lesson 14 Test Method for Product Fragility Shock: Damage Boundary Vibration: Resonance Search & Dwell Lesson 15 Seven Steps for Cushioned Package Development Introduction Step 1 Determine Product Fragility Step 2 Determine Conditions Step 3 Calculate Cushion Requirements Step 4 Recognizing Design Constraints Step 5 Design Prototypes and Test Step 6 Consider Vibration Effects Step 7 Monitor Performance If it works, question it Lesson 16 Distribution Packaging Short History of Distribution Packaging in the USA Functions and Goals of Distribution Packaging The Cost of Packaging The Package Design Process Taking a Total System Approach to Package Design The 10-Step Process of Distribution Packaging Design A Final Check Package Design Project Checklist The Warehouse Unit Loads Lesson 17 Computer Aided Packaging System Introduction to TOPS Pro Using TOPS Pro UNIT FIVE PACKAGING MACHINERY Lesson 18 General Overview Automated Production The New Production Line Speed Straight-Line and Rotary Systems Changeovers Machine Controls Developing Custom Machinery Upgrading Existing Equipment Lesson 19 The Packaging Line The Packaging Line Line Organization Packaging Materials Machine Capabilities Line Balancing Material and Container Characteristics Personnel Lesson 20 Filling Systems Introduction Liquid Filling Dry Product Filling