During the last few years, analytical and computation methods have been greatlydeveloped in the field of concrete building exposed to high temperature or accidentalfire. The transient heat flow within a fire-exposed structure is governed by the heat bal-ance equation. At elevated high temperature or accidental fire, concrete surfaces ex-posed to heat are significantly affected. At free surfaces, the heat flow is caused byconvection4 and radiation. A preliminary evaluation of the failure criteria showed thatfailure of heated concrete surface occurs most likely by crack formation parallel to thehot surface, degradation of concrete strength and pressurization of concrete pores.
Canadian Writers
Both English Canadian Literature and French Canadian Literaturereached an all-time high from the period of 1960s to 1980s. Canadian Litera-ture had three characteristics in this period of time.
1) The number of Canadian authors grew up rapidly.
2) The range of the subjects of Canadian Literary works was many andvaried.
3) Critic team of Canadian Literature became mature.
Canadian Literature forum had a small number of gifted authors thatcould show their brilliant talents before 1960s. However, just beginning of1960, the new writers across Canada sprang up like mushrooms. Some ofthem quickly became famous both in Canada and in the world. In the teamof new generation of the writersinclude; Margaret Laurence, Al-fred Earl Bimey, Dorothy Livesay,Dave Godfrey, Margaret Atwood,Douglas Gordon Jones and etc,too numerous to mention. Theyhave enjoyed great prestige amongthe World Literary forum.
Margaret Laurence is one ofthe major contemporary Canadianwriters and is very productivewriter. She was born in Mani-toba, Canada. From age seven,she wrote stories and from that time on she started her writing career.
本人于1976年至1978年在加拿大留学,1990年2月获加拿大学研究奖金,应加拿大政府外交部的邀请再次赴加,进行加拿大社会和文化方面的实地研究和考察。
作为访问学者,在过去的三十多年里,我多次赴加拿大和美国进行学术研究、讲学、访问和进行国际教育合作等多项工作。在此期间,我结识了一些加拿大和美国各界人士,与这些新朋老友进行了广泛交谈。我从与美、加朋友交谈中获取了大量的有关加拿大文化的背景知识,同时也学到了许多诙谐的英语成语,使我深感英语成语纷繁浩瀚。英语成语的妙用所营造的那种轻松愉快的气氛使我记忆犹新。我的体会是,成语使用得恰如其分,成语掌握得纯熟流利,就可以增强语言的表达能力,好比锦上添花。
本书通过对话形式,记录了美、加朋友们与我的交谈内容。它介绍了北美,尤其是加拿大的风俗、社会、民族特点等文化背景知识。
本书分33篇对话,每个对话中含有5~10个英语习语,它们都是加拿大和美国的朋友在和我的交谈中经常运用的习惯用语。为方便读者,本书对每一习语作了简明的英汉释义,并列举了两个或三个例句补充说明,每个对话后还附有一些必要的词汇和注释,以供参考。为更好学习和理解对话内容,感悟加拿大文化,每篇对话配有英、中文化对照的背景知识。
课后的习语例句的汉译英部分和每课背景知识的英译汉是由廉晋萍老师承担完成的。
本书有幸得到了加拿大康科迪亚大学英语应用语言学副教授帕尔默·艾奇逊博士的校阅并提出了宝贵建议。在此谨向他表示衷心的感谢。
本书适合高等学校英语学生、研究生、英语教师等阅读。本书可作为英语口语教科书,也可供广大英语自学者使用,同时也是出国人员、留学生和涉外人员的**书。